After starting the season with a 1–2 win-loss record, a 3.06 ERA, and 26 strikeouts in 35 innings pitched for Birmingham, the White Sox promoted Quintana to the majors on May 7, 2012, according to a new MLB rule that allow teams to carry a 26th man on their 25-man roster during the day of a doubleheader; the White Sox returned Quintana to Birmingham after the games. He made his MLB debut in the first game of the doubleheader, pitching 5 ⁄3 innings in relief, allowing no runs, one hit, and two walks while striking out three. Quintana was optioned back to Birmingham the next day, and he stayed there up until May 24, when he was promoted to the Charlotte Knights of the Class AAA International League. However, he did not pitch there, as he was promoted to Chicago the next day when John Danks was placed on the 15-day DL. On May 25, 2012, Quintana got his first Major League victory during a 9–3 victory over the Cleveland Indians pitching six innings giving up two runs on four hits, walking three and striking out four.
During a game against the Tampa Bay Rays on May 30, 2012, Quintana was ejected by umpire Mark Wegner after throwing a pitch behind Ben Zobrist. During the 2012 year, Quintana appeared in 25 games making 22 starts going 6–6 with a 3.76 ERA.